PRAGMATIC EQUIVALENCE

Pragmatics is the study of language in use. It is the study of meaning, not as generated by the linguistic system but as conveyed and manipulated by participants in a communicative situation. Of the variety of notions that are central to this particular area of language study. I have chosen two which I believe to be particularly helpful in exploring the question of ‘making sense’ and in highlighting areas of difficulty in cross-cultural communication. These are  coherence and implicature.

                                Textual equivalence: Cohesion

          Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text. These relations or ties organize and to some extent create a text, for instance by requiring the reader to interpret words and expressions by reference to other words and expressions in the surrounding sentences and pharagraphs. Cohesions is a surface relation: if connects together the actual words and expressions that we can see or hear. Halliday and Hasan identify five main cohesive devices in English: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical cohesion.

TEXTUAL EQUIVALENCE

A general overview based on the hallidayan approach to information flow

1.      Thematic structure: theme and rheme

Theme is what the clause is about. It has two functions: (1)it acts as a points of orientation by connecting back to previous stretches of discourse and thereby maintaining a coherent point of view and, (2) it acts as a points of departure by connecting forward and  and contributing  to the developmnt of later  stretches.

GRAMMAR EQUIVALENCE

            Grammar is the set of rules which determine the way in which units such as words and prahses can be combined in a language in the kind of information  which has to be made regularly explicit in utterancis. A language can, of course express any kind of information its speakers need to rxpress, but the grammatical system of a given language will determine the ease with which certain notions such as time reverence or gender can be made explicit.

EQUIVALENCE ABOVE WORD LEVEL

1.      Collocation

Why do builders not produce a building or authors not invent a novel, since they do invent stories and plots? No reason as far as dictionary definitions of words is concerned. We don’t say it because we don’t say it. (Bolinger and Sears,1968:55)

EQUIVALENT AT WORD LEVEL

A.    The Word In Different Languages

1.      What is a word

            The smallest unit which we would expect to possess individual meaning is the word. Defined loosely, the word is ‘the smallest unit of language that can be used by itself’ (Bolinger and Sears, 1968 :43).’ On another hand, Most of us think of the word as the basic meaningful element in a language. This is not strictly accurate.So, This will be discussed in more detail in the following chapters.

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